African Wild Dog
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SWAHILI NAME FOR DOG: Mbwa
African Wild Hunting Dog
Scientific Name: Lycaon pictus pictus
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: These dogs are similar in size and shape to medium-large domestic dogs, but they are only distantly related to other canids. Their mottled coloring and large rounded ears make them unmistakable. The muzzle is black and the forehead has a black line in the middle of it. The large head resembles that of a hyena. Legs are long and slender. The feet have only four toes, and no dewclaws. The tail has a white plume at the tip
No two dogs have identical coat patterns of white, black and tan; yet close relatives are recognizably similar in coloration. The body length is about 40 inches with a 12-16 inch tail. Animals weigh a maximum of 66 pounds. Males are slightly larger than females, and animals from Southern Africa are slightly larger than their northern relatives.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: African Wild Dogs are savanna inhabitants and their normal range is from south of the Sahara Desert except in forested areas.
BEHAVIOR:
African Wild Dogs are very social animals that live in packs of 5-20 individuals; rarely as many as 60. They fill the ecological role or niche of the wolf in Africa. One of the most efficient of all predators, they do not hesitate to attack small hares or large zebras. They specialize in preying on medium-sized antelope including Thomson's gazelle, impala, kob, lechwe and springbok. This species does not hunt in relays but rather depends on endurance that is greater than their prey. They can run at about 35 m.p.h. for 3 miles or more.
They hunt mainly around dawn and dusk because they rely on sight when hunting. The pack will hunt at least once a day. If there are youngsters present at the kill, the adults will allow them to eat first unlike lions. They do not defend territories except in the vicinity of occupied dens. Only the dominant breeding pair urine mark. There is very little overt aggression among pack members. The social arrangement is extraordinary because they are the exact opposite of those in most other social mammals such as lions and elephants.
African Wild Dogs rarely live in the wild beyond 9-10 years.
DIET: They hunt cooperatively which sometimes allows them to bring down their prey in seconds. Prey may be consumed in a few seconds, sometimes while the animal is still alive.
African Wild Dogs are exclusively carnivorous. They eat no plant food, and rarely consume carrion or return to an earlier kill.
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REPRODUCTION and GROWTH: Babies develop for 72 days before the mother gives birth in an underground den. As many as 12 pups may be born in a litter; a majority of those being male, but only a few usually survive.
Pups at birth are all black and white. The tan patches develop from the black areas beginning in the second month. The pups eyes open at 3 weeks, but they will not emerge from the den until they start to eat solid food regurgitated by the adults.
Only the dominant male and female in the pack (the alpha pair) reproduce. The entire pack is needed to help feed the large litter of young that are dependent for 12-14 months. The adults eat at their kill site, then return to the den and regurgitate meat as food for the young. Adult males stay with the birth pack. Unlike other animals, females between 14 and 30 months of age will leave their natal pack in groups of littermate sisters. They will eventually join a different male kin line.
STATUS: The African wild dog is listed by the IUCN as threatened by extinction. They are nearly as endangered as the black rhino and they are still persecuted by farmers and hunters. Fewer than 5,000 dogs remain and because they need vast home ranges, it makes conservation difficult.
Honolulu Zoo 2002: 5 Females - Mara, Azizi, Safi,
Kipusa, Zuri.
Breeding In Captivity of the African Wild Dog at the Honolulu Zoo
The breeding and raising of any animal in a captive situation, involves extensive knowledge of the animals' instincts and lifestyle in the wild, coupled with the expertise gained through observation and experience of an animal in captivity. To ensure success, the process involves careful planning and execution. However, even with a body of knowledge that comes from experts around the world, sometimes the smallest details overlooked, can result in failure.
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| Zuri |
For Mara, our African Wild Dog female, when we realized that she was pregnant, the curator and keepers made a number of crucial decisions. They decided to give her 2 whelping boxes, one in which the pups would be born and the other as a place for her to move the pups to when she so desired. They gave all three dogs complete access to the 2 boxes, the exhibit and sleeping quarters at all times. It was also decided that during this time, the dogs would be given plenty of extra food; more than they would actively eat under normal circumstances. All noise and traffic was kept to an absolute minimum for at least 6 weeks, so Mara and the pups would not be disturbed.
She gave birth on October 6. However, it was not until October 31st, when she started relocating the pups to the second whelping box, did we find out the exact number which had been born. It was very exciting to count 7 healthy looking puppies.
The normal pack in the wild is made up of an alpha female and the rest are mostly males all sharing equal status in the group. The males play a very important role in the wild by feeding the nursing mother with regurgitated food in the den so she can produce the milk to feed the puppies. After a few weeks, the males will then start feeding regurgitated food to the puppies. Their job is to feed and guard the young and while the puppies are young, all pack life is centered around the den. Our males, Bantu and Masai have exhibited all of the normal wild behaviors in this instance.
At 10 weeks the puppies will be vaccinated for rabies and distemper and sexes will be determined. In the wild there have been major setbacks because of rabies outbreaks in the African Wild Dog packs that come into contact with domestic dogs that carry this dreaded disease... (read more). Rabies and canine distemper carried by domestic dogs has been responsible for the devastation of lion prides in the Serengeti during the mid 1990's.
Wild population: 3,500 to maximum
of 5,500
Captive population worldwide: 452 (according to ISIS* Abstracts, September
30, 2000)
We hope all of you who can, will come by and see our fantastic pack!
*ISIS is the International Species Information System
WEB LINKS:
Read about the African wild dogs amazing social structure ...
